Can Dogs Eat Sardines?

Yes, sardines packed in water make an excellent treat for dogs. They are a good source of protein, omega-3 fatty acids, vitamins, and minerals, which can provide health benefits for your pup. As with any new food, introduce sardines gradually into your dog's diet to monitor for any adverse reactions.

How Can Sardines Benefit Your Dog?

Sardines offer several health benefits for dogs due to their nutritional content:

Omega-3 Fatty Acids: Sardines are rich in omega-3 fatty acids, particularly EPA (eicosapentaenoic acid) and DHA (docosahexaenoic acid). These fatty acids play crucial roles in supporting brain health, reducing inflammation, and promoting healthy skin and coat in dogs.

Protein: Sardines are a good source of high-quality protein, which is essential for muscle development, repair, and overall growth in dogs.

Vitamins and Minerals: Sardines contain various vitamins and minerals, including vitamin D, vitamin B12, selenium, and calcium. These nutrients are important for maintaining overall health, supporting the immune system, and promoting bone health in dogs.

Joint Health: The omega-3 fatty acids found in sardines have anti-inflammatory properties that may help reduce joint inflammation and alleviate symptoms of arthritis or other joint conditions in dogs.

Heart Health: Omega-3 fatty acids are beneficial for cardiovascular health in dogs. They can help maintain healthy blood pressure, reduce the risk of blood clots, and improve overall heart function.

How To Feed Sardines To Your Dog

It's important to feed sardines to dogs in moderation and ensure they are plain, without added salt, seasonings, or sauces. Additionally, always check for any bones and remove them before feeding sardines to your dog, as bones can pose a choking hazard or cause internal injuries. Introduce sardines slowly into your dog's diet.

How Many Sardines Can My Dog Eat?

Depending upon your pet’s size, start with a small amount and place the rest in a sealed container in the refrigerator. Start big dogs with 1 sardine and small dogs with 1/4 or 1/3 of a sardine for taste. Many pets will get very excited with their new treat but give the sardines over a few days to avoid any tummy upset.

Small Dogs - You can give 1/3 can per week divided over several meals

Medium Size Dog (30+ pounds) You can give 1/2 can per week divided over several meals

Large Dog (50+ pounds) You can give 1 can per week divided over several meals

Can Dogs Get A Stomach Ache From Eating Too Many Sardines?

Yes, dogs can potentially experience digestive upset if they consume too many sardines or any new food. While sardines are considered safe for dogs in moderation, feeding them excessively or introducing them too quickly into a dog's diet can lead to gastrointestinal issues such as diarrhea, vomiting, or stomach discomfort. Sardines are high in fat, particularly omega-3 fatty acids, so if your dog has a history of pancreatitis, please check with your veterinarian first. Also, some dogs may have a fish allergy and that could also potentially cause an upset tummy from eating sardines. If you notice any signs of digestive upset or allergic reactions after feeding sardines to your dog, discontinue feeding them and consult with your veterinarian for guidance.

Author: Susan Blake Davis, Pet Nutritionist

Date: 4/13/2024

Is Your Cat At Risk For Urinary Crystals?

Updated: 4/8/2024

Which Cats Are At Risk For Urinary Crystals?

Urinary crystals in cats can be a concerning health issue for pet owners. These tiny crystals can lead to urinary tract problems, discomfort, and even serious complications if left untreated. Certain factors can increase your cat's susceptibility to developing urinary crystals, but evaluating your cat's risk factors can help you make lifestyle choices to reduce the chance of them developing. Here are some of the most common factors:

Breed Predisposition: Some cat breeds are genetically predisposed to urinary problems, including the formation of crystals. Breeds such as Persians, Himalayans, and Burmese are known to be at higher risk. These breeds often have characteristics such as a brachycephalic (flat-faced) facial structure, which may contribute to urinary tract issues.

Neutered Male Cats: Neutered male cats are more prone to urinary crystals due to their narrower urethra, which can make it easier for crystals to become lodged and cause blockages.

Obesity: Overweight or obese cats have a higher risk of developing urinary crystals. Obesity can lead to decreased mobility and grooming, which may contribute to urinary tract issues.

Age: Older cats, typically over the age of 10, are more likely to develop urinary tract issues, including the formation of crystals. Aging can lead to changes in kidney function and urinary habits, increasing the risk of crystal formation.

Dry Food Diet: Cats that primarily consume dry cat food may be more prone to urinary crystals. Dry food has lower moisture content compared to wet food, which can lead to decreased urine volume and concentration, promoting crystal formation.

Dehydration: Cats that do not drink enough water are at a higher risk of developing urinary crystals. Dehydration can lead to concentrated urine, making it more likely for crystals to form.

Stress: Stressful environments or situations can contribute to urinary tract issues in cats. Stress can weaken the immune system and alter urinary habits, increasing the risk of crystal formation and urinary tract infections.

Cat Food & Urinary Crystals

Diet plays a significant role in the formation of urinary crystals in cats. Certain foods can either promote or inhibit the development of urinary crystals. Things to consider when picking a diet include: 

Mineral Content: The mineral composition of the diet, particularly levels of magnesium, phosphorus, and calcium, can influence crystal formation. High levels of these minerals in the diet can increase the risk of crystal formation, especially struvite or calcium oxalate crystals. 

pH Balance: The pH balance of the urine is important in preventing crystal formation. Some crystals form more readily in acidic urine (e.g., struvite), while others form in alkaline urine (e.g., calcium oxalate). Maintain the optimal pH level to prevent crystal formation. 

Moisture Content: The moisture content of the diet is also essential for urinary tract health. Wet cat food has higher water content compared to dry kibble, which can help increase urine volume and promote dilution, reducing the risk of crystal formation. 

Quality and Ingredients: The quality of the ingredients in the cat's diet can impact urinary health. High-quality diets formulated with easily digestible proteins and balanced nutrients are generally recommended. Avoiding diets with excessive fillers, by-products, and low-quality ingredients can help support urinary tract health.

How To Help Your Cat With Urinary Crystals

While certain breeds may be genetically predisposed to urinary issues, any cat can develop urinary crystals given the right circumstances.  In some cases, medications such as urinary acidifiers or alkalinizers may be prescribed to alter the pH of the urine and prevent crystal formation. If an infection is present antibiotics may also be prescribed. To help your cat with urinary crystals naturally, start by encouraging them to drink more water by providing fresh water in different spots around your home. Switching to wet food instead of dry can also increase their moisture intake. You can also talk to your vet about adding natural supplements to their diet, as these may support urinary health. Keeping their litter box clean and creating a stress-free environment with plenty of toys and hiding spots can also help. Remember to consult with your vet before trying any new treatments. 

For more information on supplements that may help keep your cat's urinary tract healthy click here. 

Author: Susan Davis

Orignal Post: 8/14/2018

Updated 4/8/2024

        

Holistic Treatments For Feline Rodent Ulcers

Updated 3/29/24

Does your cat have inflamed sores, blisters or ulcers around the mouth?  Is your cat losing weight, showing signs of discomfort or pain and not wanting to eat? These symptoms are signs of feline rodent ulcers.

Traditional veterinary treatment for feline rodent ulcers is the use of steroids and antibiotics which can provide short-term relief. Using these medications long-term can have side effects and reduced efficacy. The good news though is that holistic treatments can be used (diet changes and supplements) to help control symptoms, minimize flare-ups and change your cat's quality of life for the long term! 

What Are Feline Rodent Ulcers?

Feline Rodent Ulcers (also known has eosinophilic granuloma, feline eosinophilic granuloma, feline rodent ulcer, indolent ulcer, and eosinophilic granuloma ulcer of cats) is a non-contagious condition, unique to cats, where oral mucosal lesions develop. They can occur at any age but appear more often in female cats.  In other words, open sores (similar to cold sores) appear, most often, on the upper lip of cats. Your veterinarian will typically diagnose rodent ulcers by the appearance and location of the ulcer (in questionable cases, a biopsy or needle aspirate cytology can be done to rule out malignant transformation).  You might first notice a yellow or pink shiny spot, which deepens into a lesion. The sores can be very painful and hinder your cat's ability to eat. Their mouth might emit an unpleasant odor and over time, can become disfigured. Your cat may also show a behavioral change (aggression or withdrawal).  

Conventional Veterinary Treatments For Feline Rodent Ulcers

The conventional veterinary treatment for indolent ulcers almost always involves the use of steroids to calm the inflammation and antibiotics to clear up any secondary bacterial infection.  While this may provide short-term relief, these medications can weaken your cat's immune system and cause side effects.  Genetics, allergies, and autoimmune disease are common reasons why cats may develop this condition and have it long-term.  Thus the goal is to introduce holistic veterinary treatments to help support your cat's immune system and minimize the frequency of flare-ups. 

When your cat has an autoimmune condition such as feline rodent ulcers, your kitty's immune system is so overloaded that the cat's body forms antibodies to its own tissues and attacks itself.  The onset of the attacks is associated with triggers such as food allergies, exposure to chemicals, vaccines and stress. Autoimmune conditions cannot be cured but they can be controlled.  Holistic veterinary treatments, in conjunction with conventional treatments, can minimize flare-ups and reduce the need for medications.  Holistic treatments entail feeding your cat a hypoallergenic, anti-inflammatory diet and using supplements that modulate the immune system. 

 

Holistic Supplements to Treat Feline Rodent Ulcers

The following supplements have been helpful for cats with feline rodent ulcers, viruses and other autoimmune conditions.  These supplements have been used successfully in veterinary hospitals since 2005:

Immune Harmony- this plant sterol formula is designed specifically for autoimmune diseases.  It helps to modulate your cat's immune system and is very well-tolerated.

Power Probiotic - essential for all cats, especially if your cat has been on antibiotics that kill off the friendly bacteria.  Power Probiotic is the best probiotic for cats as it is pure, natural and there are absolutely NO fillers!  Many cats love the taste and will eat the plain powder--please click on the link to see the video. Power Probiotic promotes the growth of friendly bacteria which ensure a healthy intestinal ecosystem and enhances overall immunity.

Quent drops - this powerful anti-viral formula is used in conjunction with NOt drops.  Quent and NOT are your best line of defense against viruses, infections and a weakened immune system.  These homeopathic, gentle drops are easy to administer and start helping your cat right away.

NOT Drops- a best seller for fighting infections, use NOT drops in conjunction with Quent drops to give your cat immune support to overcome feline rodent ulcers.  These homeopathic drops are used on alternating nights with the Quent drops

Pumpkin Finds Relief

Pumpkin

“This is Pumpkin, who has been using your supplements  (Immune Harmony, Power Probiotic, Quent/NOT drops and Silver Support Spray), for about 8 months or more. He has Stomatitis, rodent ulcers, and many autoimmune issues. He has not had ANY flare-ups since using the products, switching his food, and taking him off steroids which the Vet kept him on. Again, I thank you more than anything... He is my angel, and you have given me the chance at giving him the healthy life he deserves. Thank you.”  Cassandra, Florida

 

Diet For Cats With Feline Rodent Ulcers

Changing your cat's diet to a hypoallergenic, anti-inflammatory diet along with using supplements to modulate the immune system can make a dramatic improvement in your cat's quality of life and comfort. Many foods such as dry kibble can not only be painful to eat but may also contain ingredients that worsen the syndrome and increase flare-ups.  If you include your cat's diet and symptoms on the order form at checkout, AskAriel.com will include a diet suggestion on the packing slip that comes with the product directions. 

Need help with your cat?  Click Here to visit Ask Ariel

Author: Susan Davis

Original Post 9/21//14

Updated 3/29/24

Lipomas - Fatty Tumors on Dogs And Cats

Have you noticed a  soft, rubbery lump underneath your dog or cat's skin?   It could be a lipoma,  a benign tumor, often referred to as a fatty tumor.  Both dogs and cats can get lipomas.  Lipomas are one of the most common types of tumors found in dogs, especially in older dogs. In cats, lipomas are less common compared to dogs, but they can still occur. Lipomas are non-cancerous growths made up of fat cells. They feel soft and movable under the skin and can vary in size from small pea-sized nodules to larger masses.  They are usually not painful.  Lipomas are generally considered harmless but they  can sometimes grow to a size where they may interfere with movement or cause other issues depending on their location. While they can show up anywhere on your pet's body, they're commonly found on the chest, abdomen, limbs, and neck.

What Are The Symptoms?

It is very common for lipomas to go unnoticed by the pet owner. They grow very slowly and may not become apparent to the pet owner for many years.  Many dogs and cats live happily with these benign growths without experiencing any symptoms. However, if a lipoma grows large enough, it might cause discomfort, bleed, become cosmetically concerning, or affect your pet's mobility. In such cases you might notice your pet licking or chewing at the area.  Surgical removal may be necessary in these cases.  

 What Causes Lipomas In Dogs & Cats?

The development of lipomas in pets may be caused by a variety of factors and the exact cause can vary from one pet to another.  In most cases, these non-cancerous fatty tumors in dogs and cats can be left alone but sometimes surgical removal is necessary.  Below are some possible causes of lipomas in dogs and cats: 

Genetics: There may be a genetic predisposition for certain breeds to develop lipomas. Some dog breeds, such as Labrador Retrievers, Doberman Pinschers, and Miniature Schnauzers, are known to have a higher incidence of lipomas.

Age: Lipomas are more commonly seen in older pets, particularly in dogs. As pets age, the likelihood of developing lipomas increases.

Obesity: Overweight or obese pets may have a higher risk of developing lipomas. Excess fat accumulation in the body can contribute to the formation of these fatty tumors.

Hormonal Factors: Hormonal imbalances or changes in hormone levels may influence the development of lipomas, although the exact mechanisms are not fully understood.

Diet and Lifestyle: Diet and lifestyle factors, such as high-fat diets or lack of exercise, may contribute to lipomas.  Omega 3 fatty acids added to the diet may be helpful but they cannot prevent lipomas.

 If The Lump Isn't A Lipoma, What Else Could It Be?

If you notice any new lumps or growths on your pet, it's essential to have them evaluated by a veterinarian for proper diagnosis and management.  Here are some common types of lumps that pets can get. 

Mast Cell Tumor: Mast cell tumors are a type of cancerous growth that can occur in the skin or other tissues. They may vary in appearance and behavior, so a biopsy is often needed for diagnosis.

Abscess: An abscess is a localized collection of pus caused by a bacterial infection. It often appears as a painful, swollen bump and may rupture, leading to drainage of pus.

Cyst: Cysts are fluid-filled sacs that can form under the skin. They may be caused by blocked oil glands or hair follicles and can vary in size and appearance.

Warts: Dogs can develop warts caused by viral infections, such as papillomavirus. These growths are usually benign but can be unsightly or cause irritation.

Tick or Insect Bites and Stings: Bumps can develop as a result of insect bites or stings, causing localized swelling and irritation. For tick bites, a lump can result from the tick remaining attached and engorged. Tick bites may also transmit diseases such as Lyme disease or Ehrlichiosis.

Allergic Reaction: Dogs can develop allergic reactions to various substances, including foods, medications, or environmental allergens. These reactions may manifest as skin bumps, hives, or rash.

Tumor: While many lumps and bumps on dogs are benign, some may be cancerous. It's essential to have any suspicious growths evaluated by a veterinarian to determine the nature of the bump and appropriate treatment.   Depending on the size, location, and any associated symptoms, your vet might recommend removal for your pet's comfort or to rule out any potential health concerns.

Author:  Susan Blake Davis, Pet Nutritionist

Revised and Updated:  4/7/2024

Originally Posted: 6/23/2014

Tips On How To Find The Best Kitty Litter

Published 4/5/2024

Cat owners, it’s time to address one of the most infamous parts about owning a cat… the litter box. The litter box plays a crucial role in your cat’s daily routine, but choosing the right litter can be harder than it seems. 

With so many options available and so much varying information online, it can be easy to get influenced into buying certain products. But how do you know if that product is the right one for you and your cat? Let's review the important factors to consider when selecting cat litter for your kitty.

Understanding Your Cat’s Preferences

First, you need to understand your cat’s preference. Every pet is unique, and what works for one kitty may not be ideal for another. Before jumping in, take some time to consider and observe your cat. Does your cat prefer clumping or non-clumping litter? Is your cat sensitive to scents? Does your cat have respiratory issues? If you can understand your cat's preferences, it will help you narrow down your options and find the purrfect match.

Factors to Consider

There are a variety of factors to consider when choosing the best cat litter. There is not only your cat’s preferences, but your environmental and lifestyle preferences as well. Some factors may be more important to you than others, so let’s take a look at common concerns. 

• Odor Control: This is usually one of the most important considerations for cat owners, especially those in a smaller living space. If you are interested in odor control, look for litters with activated charcoal or other odor-absorbing ingredients to keep your home smelling fresh.

• Dust Levels: Dusty litters can be irritating to both cats and humans. It may be preferable to opt for a low-dust, or even dust-free, option, especially if your cat has asthma or other respiratory issues, as inhaling litter dust has been known to exacerbate these conditions.

• Tracking: Some litters are more prone to tracking than others. Choose litters with larger granules or heavier formulas if you want to minimize tracking around your house.

• Environmental Impact: If sustainability is important to you, consider eco-friendly options made from biodegradable or renewable materials.

• Budget: Cat litter costs can vary widely, so consider your budget when making your selection. 

Types of Cat Litter

Now that you have reviewed the factors and can determine which are most important to you, you can look at the different types of litter to see if they meet your needs. 

• Clumping vs. Non-Clumping: Clumping litter forms solid clumps when wet, making it easier to scoop and maintain cleanliness. Non-clumping litter, on the other hand, absorbs moisture but does not clump together.

• Scented vs. Unscented: Scented litter can help mask odors, but some cats may find the fragrance overwhelming. Unscented options are available for more sensitive noses.

• Natural and Biodegradable Options: Eco-conscious cat owners may opt for litters made from materials like wood, paper, or corn, which are renewable and biodegradable.

Cat Litter Materials

There are a variety of brands and materials that are used for cat litter, and it seems like new ones are popping up every day. Let’s take a look at some of the most commonly used types. 

• Clay: This litter is made from clay materials and is probably the kind of litter someone pictures in their head when they think of a litter box. As the most commonly used type of litter, there are a lot of varieties when it comes to clumping, scent, and granule size. Clay litter is generally dusty and has smaller granules, so it may track outside the litter box. This litter should not be flushed. 

• Crystal: This litter is made from absorbent silica gel crystals that are usually formed as small, translucent beads. Crystal litter is considered low-maintenance as it lasts longer than clay litter and doesn’t need to be changed as frequently. This litter is dust-free, but some cats may be sensitive to the texture and it does not clump as well as other litters. 

• Paper: This option, made from recycled paper, is biodegradable and eco-friendly. It has good absorbency and is often low in dust, but needs to be changed more frequently and does not have much odor control. 

• Pine Pellets: This is an affordable litter option made from compressed pine wood pellets. It has natural odor control properties and a pine scent. Pine litter is biodegradable and can be composted after use. Some cats may not like the texture of pellets. 

• Walnut Shells, Coconut Husk, Corn, Wheat: These litters are generally biodegradable and environmentally friendly. They clump well and offer effective odor control, with minimal to no dust.

Making Your Decision

After considering all of these factors, it's time to make your decision. You can start by choosing a few options that meet your criteria and try them out. Remember to observe your cat's reaction and adjust as needed. With a little trial and error, you'll find the perfect cat litter that keeps both you and your beloved kitty happy!

Choosing the right cat litter is essential for maintaining a clean and odor-free litter box and keeping your cat comfortable and happy. As cat’s spend a lot of time in the litter box, you want to be conscientious of what you decide to expose them to. 

Published:  4/5/2024

Author:  Victoria Staton

Digital Content And Social Media Manager

Golden Retriever is Scratching and Itching Constantly

Updated 3/29/24

Reposted from 6/2010

Q: Dear Ariel: My 5-year-old Golden Retriever Ginger is scratching, chewing and itching constantly. I can't sleep because she wakes me up shaking the bed. She licks at her private parts and has some small red sores on her tummy. I am feeding her a good dog food and bring her to the veterinarian but he just keeps giving her more antibiotics and shots. Is there anything else I can do?

A: So sorry to hear that Ginger is scratching and itching. This can be a big problem, especially during the springtime when there is a lot of pollen.  For immediate relief, it is important that you do bring Ginger back to your veterinarian as you don't want her to have her infections get worse. You want to be sure that Ginger doesn't have any dog skin infections like yeast or a bacterial hot spot which can spread quickly.   

It's important to understand why Ginger is so itchy. Unfortunately, Golden Retrievers can be prone to allergies.  This can make them more sensitive to food and environmental allergens. Common allergens for dogs include pollen, dust mites, mold spores, certain foods, and even flea bites. Allergies in Golden Retrievers can manifest in various ways, such as itching, scratching, skin irritation, ear infections, or gastrointestinal issues. Treatment options may include medications, dietary changes and natural supplements.   

How Can You Help Ginger?

To help Ginger stop itching and scratching, you can try changing her diet and using a few natural remedies to control yeast and allergies. A hypoallergenic, low-carb diet can be beneficial for Golden Retrievers and other dogs with allergies.  Remove common food allergens like corn, grains, wheat, chicken, beef, peanut butter, etc from her diet. Also, dogs that eat dry kibble may have additional itching problems because dry food can sometimes contribute to yeast overgrowth as well. Here is a sample of a healthy, hypoallergenic, low-carb diet. 

 Wondering What To Feed Your Golden Retriever With Allergies?

Diet For Dogs With Allergies (show photo of raw diet with fish)

Here is an example of a healthy diet that may help your golden retriever. It includes baked salmon, raw rabbit patty, dandelion greens, artichoke hearts, Amazing Omegas, okra, asparagus, carrots and broccoli.  Adding vegetables to your pet's meals provides unrivaled nutrition including fiber, vitamins, minerals and enzymes. 

Every dog's needs are different and if your dog has to be on a special diet such as a low fat diet or one for another health condition like kidney disease, check with your veterinarian to make diet adjustments. 

In addition to a hypoallergenic diet, you would want to also give Ginger some supplements to help support her immune system and give her much needed relief from her symptoms. Supplements containing quercetin, fish oil and probiotics are helpful.

Author: Susan Davis, 

Original Post: 6/16/10

Updated: 3/29/24

Rabbit and Venison Game Meats Offer A Hypoallergenic Diet For Pets

Updated 4/1/24

Does your pet have itchy and inflamed skin, recurrent infections or digestive issues such as: vomiting, diarrhea and loose stools?

All can be signs of a food allergy from a repeat exposure to an allergen which causes the immune system to overreact. Often the offender is the protein source in the allergic food and your pet's immune system needs a break.  Changing your pet's diet to a low carbohydrate canned or raw frozen novel protein food can be very helpful.  (Dry food is high in carbohydrates and can still be problematic.)

So, what is a novel protein? It is simply a protein your pet has never consumed before.  The most common food allergens in cats are fish, poultry and grains--ingredients commonly found in most pet foods.   While some "hypoallergenic" pet foods may simply replace chicken with turkey or duck, what we have discovered (after years of treating pets with food allergies) is that it's best to switch food families in their entirety.  This is because the allergic reaction can include all protein sources within a particular family as they may be very similar in their molecular structure.  For example, many people believe that goat milk is fine for their pet even though their pet is allergic to cow milk.  The reality is that the two forms of milk are very close in structure just as chickens are very similar to ducks and it's best to play it safe and try a completely different food family. When it comes to food allergies, when in doubt, avoid the food temporarily and then at a later time, you can try to reintroduce and see how your pet responds.  

Two novel protein sources to consider that have worked well for many allergic pets are rabbit and venison.  Some pets that have allergies to beef and lamb may not fare as well with venison, so for severely allergic pets, rabbit may work best.  (Allergy testing is also available through your veterinarian which can help determine if your pet might be able to tolerate either of these.)

Benefits of Rabbit

• A lean all-white meat protein that offers great nutrition.
• Higher in protein than chicken, turkey, beef, duck and lamb and contains essential amino acids that help build lean muscles and boost immune system.
• Low in saturated fats, but contains healthy fats which help provide a shiny coat and healthy joints
• Contains Vitamin B12 which supports a healthy nervous system.

Benefits of Venison

• Lower in fat than most other meat protein sources (such as beef and pork) and usually highly digestible
• Good source of B vitamins, zinc, phosphorous and iron.
• Can be used in homemade low-fat diets as it is more available in grocery stores.

Rabbit and venison can be found in all food forms, but for allergies, we recommend raw frozen and canned.  Several brands such as Instinct and Stella and Chewys have a freeze-dried version with the exact same ingredients as the raw frozen.  These work well crumbled into treats or as an initial introduction as you transition your pet's diet. 

There are also a few brands of rabbit and venison treats.  Remember though, a lot of dry foods and treats may contain venison or rabbit, but they are still loaded with starchy carbohydrates which won't give your pet the same great results as using a low carbohydrate raw frozen diet.

For more tips on feeding your pet a healthy diet click here.

Author Susan Davis

Original post 3/2/17

Updated 4/1/24